![]() More soundfiles of Old English texts being read aloud, plus the pronunciation rules, can be found on this page. I have provided soundfiles for a few representative words click on those to hear how the words are pronounced. Tests can be made easier or harder, depending on whether the examined translation is from Old English to Modern English, or vice versa, or both, and depending on how much time students are allowed to memorise the vocabulary. It can be used in undergraduate or postgraduate Old English teaching, either for compulsory or optional assessments, or just for background. This list of Old English Core Vocabulary is intended as a teaching aid: the idea is that students learn this list of words by heart. A word signalled as ‘hapax legomenon’ is found only once in the entire Old English corpus, and was possibly coined for the passage in question. The cognates in a number of related languages are intended to make memorisation of the words easier. The reference ‘poet.’ signals predominant usage of a word in poetry. Some of the words are among the most frequent in Old English literature some are of particular importance on account of their literary or linguistic usage. It's possible that in the time since the legal and political picture changed so dramatically, the public understands more about reproductive health now.The list below presents some 500 Old English words which could be regarded as literary core vocabulary. One key point about the Guttmacher study on the public's varying views of what counts as an abortion: The research was conducted in 2020, before the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Meanwhile, the American Association of Pro-Life Obstetricians and Gynecologists recently came out with its own glossary of terms, suggesting, for example, that people don't say abortion at all, and instead say "intentional feticide." The organization says the word abortion "is a vague term with a multitude of definitions depending on the context in which it is being used." She recently published a statement on abortion nomenclature in the journal Contraception, which was endorsed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists or ACOG. Upadhyay thinks clear terms and definitions can help. "It sheds light on how important these terms are and how important it is for the public to have better knowledge about these issues that are constantly in our media, constantly being discussed in policy – and policymakers are making these decisions and probably have very similar misunderstandings and lack of understanding." "I think it's really important research," says Ushma Upadhyay, professor and public health scientist at the University of California San Francisco, who was not involved in the study. This isn't just an academic discussion – what counts as an abortion has huge implications for abortion restrictions and how reproductive care changes in states with those laws. "These are both stigmatized and very personal experiences." "We don't speak openly about a lot of reproductive experiences, particularly abortion, but also miscarriage," says VandeVusse. For instance, "when people were talking about taking emergency contraception the day after intercourse, we had folks who were saying, 'Well, you know, they wanted to end their pregnancy, so it's an abortion,' even if they're not pregnant." ![]() "Intention definitely played a very strong role in sort of how our respondents thought through the different scenarios," VandeVusse says. Other scenarios described things like people taking emergency contraception, or getting abortion pills through the mail, or having a procedural abortion after discovering a fetal anomaly. Two thirds of them agreed it was not an abortion, a third said it was. The 2,000 people who took the survey weren't so sure. "We consider that miscarriage intervention," says VandeVusse. Person G has a surgical procedure to remove the fetus." When they have their first ultrasound, there is no cardiac activity, and their doctor recommends having the fetus removed. ![]() To give you an idea of the scenarios people were thinking through, here is one of the vignettes posed in the study: One scenario had the phrase "had a surgical abortion." Still, "67% of respondents said, yes, that's an abortion, and 8% said maybe, but 25% said no," VandeVusse says. Not a single scenario, which they dubbed "vignettes," garnered complete agreement. Guttmacher did in depth interviews with 60 people and an online survey with 2,000 more people.
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